Image of Jackie Robinson wearing his Dodgers uniform
Shutterstock.com (Background); The Granger Collection (ROBINSON WITH BAT)

He Changed Baseball . . . and the World!

The incredible true story of how Jackie Robinson became an American hero

By Alex Winnick
From the February 2024 Issue

Learning Objective: Students will identify the main idea and supporting details as they read this narrative nonfiction article about Jackie Robinson.

Lexiles: 600L-700L, 2-Page Starter Level, Easier Level
Other Key Skills: setting, cause and effect, key detail, inference, author’s craft, text features, compare and contrast, vocabulary, explanatory writing
Think and Read: Main Idea and Supporting Details

As you read, think about what Jackie Robinson overcame and accomplished.

Keystone/Getty Images 

It was April 15, 1947. The day was crisp and sunny—perfect weather for a baseball game. Thousands of people poured into Ebbets Field in New York to watch a team called the Brooklyn Dodgers. Many fans had come to see the team’s new player: Jackie Robinson.

Early on in the game . . . CRACK! A player on the other team hit the ball. He sprinted toward first base, where Robinson stood. Another Dodgers player snatched the ball and threw it to Robinson. Robinson caught the ball just before the runner reached first base.

OUT!” shouted the umpire. Robinson had made a great catch­. He had also just made history.

It was April 15, 1947. The day was cool and sunny. It was perfect weather for a baseball game. Thousands of people came to Ebbets Field in New York. They were there to watch a team called the Brooklyn Dodgers. Many fans had come to see the team’s new player: Jackie Robinson.

Early on in the game . . . CRACK! A player on the other team hit the ball. He ran toward Robinson who was standing at first base. Another Dodgers player grabbed the ball and threw it to Robinson. Robinson caught the ball just before the runner touched first base.

The player was out! Robinson had made a great catch­. He had also just made history.

It was April 15, 1947. Thousands of people were at a baseball game in New York. There was a new player on the Brooklyn Dodgers: Jackie Robinson. 

Robinson played first base. He made a great catch. He also made history.


Bettmann Archives/Getty/National Baseball Hall of Fame Library/MLB via Getty Images 

All-Star 

Robinson was a star in football, basketball, and baseball in college.

Unfair Rules

Unfair Rules

Unfair Rules

Today baseball is very different than it was 80 years ago. Back then, there were no giant screens in the stadiums. There were no mascots high-fiving fans. And one part of the sport was extremely different: Black players were not allowed to play in Major League Baseball. 

Black athletes were only allowed to play in a separate league, which paid less money. This was happening in other parts of life across America too. 

In many places, Black people were forced to eat in separate restaurants, use separate bathrooms, and travel in separate parts of trains. All of these were often dirty and in bad condition. This set of unfair rules was called segregation. 

In California, where Robinson grew up, there were many segregation laws. Robinson could swim in his local pool only one day a week. He could only sit high up in the worst seats of the movie theater. 

But segregation didn’t stop him from doing what he loved: playing sports. At school, Robinson was an outstanding athlete. His classmates would do anything to get Robinson on their team—even offering him their snacks at lunch. Word began to spread about Robinson’s incredible skills.

Today baseball is very different than it was 80 years ago. Back then, there were no giant screens in the stadiums. There were no mascots high-fiving fans. And one part of the sport was very different. Black players were not allowed to play in Major League Baseball. 

Black athletes were only allowed to play in a separate league. This league paid less money. This was happening in other parts of life across America too. 

In many places, Black people were forced to eat in separate restaurants. They had to use separate bathrooms. They had to travel in separate parts of trains. All of these were often dirty and in bad condition. This set of unfair rules was called segregation. 

Robinson grew up in California. There were many segregation laws there. Robinson could swim in his local pool only one day a week. He could sit only in the worst seats of the movie theater. 

But segregation didn’t stop him from doing what he loved: playing sports. At school, Robinson was an outstanding athlete. His classmates wanted Robinson on their team. They offered him snacks at lunch to get him on their team. Word began to spread about Robinson’s skills.

Today baseball is different than it was 80 years ago. One huge difference? Black players were not allowed to play in Major League Baseball. They had to play in a separate league that paid less money. This was happening in other parts of life in America too. 

In many places, Black people had to use separate bathrooms and eat in separate restaurants. These were often dirty and in bad condition. This set of unfair rules was called segregation. 

Robinson grew up in California. He became an outstanding athlete. Robinson dreamed of playing professional sports. But he knew he wouldn’t have the same opportunities as White athletes.

So in 1944, he joined the league for only Black players. He became one of the many stars in the league. A man named Branch Rickey noticed. Rickey was one of the owners of an all-White team called the Brooklyn Dodgers. Rickey wanted Robinson on his team.


National Baseball Hall of Fame Library/MLB via Getty Images 

Safe! 

Robinson was famous for “stealing bases”—or running from one base to the next while the pitcher isn’t looking. He stole 200 bases before he retired!

Dreaming of Change

Dreaming of Change

One of the Greatest

Transcendental Graphics/Getty Images

Jackie Robinson (left) and Branch Rickey

Robinson continued to be a star as he grew up. He became one of the best college athletes in the country. He dreamed of playing a professional sport. 

But Black athletes didn’t have the same opportunities as White athletes. So in 1944, Robinson joined the separate baseball league for Black players. He became one of the league’s many stars—and people around the country noticed. 

Around this time, people were also dreaming of ways to change baseball. One of these people was Branch Rickey, an owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Rickey wanted Black athletes and White athletes to play baseball together. For months, he searched for the right player to join his team. He wondered: Could Jackie Robinson be that player?

Robinson continued to be a star as he grew up. He became one of the best college athletes in the country. He dreamed of playing a professional sport. 

But Black athletes didn’t have the same opportunities as White athletes. So in 1944, Robinson joined the separate baseball league for Black players. He became one of the many stars in the league. People around the country noticed. 

Around this time, people were dreaming of ways to change baseball. One of these people was Branch Rickey. He was an owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Rickey wanted Black athletes and White athletes to play baseball together. He looked for the right player to join his team. He wondered: Could Jackie Robinson be that player?

But Rickey was worried about the treatment Robinson would receive because of his skin color. Robinson would face mean fans and players. He was up for the challenge, though. Robinson joined the Dodgers. It was a giant step forward. 

Sadly not everyone was excited. Some of his new teammates wanted to quit. Other players threw the ball at his head. Some fans screamed terrible words. But Robinson stood strong. He never yelled back. He was determined to show the world his skill.

The Dodgers made it to the championship that year. They lost. But newspapers voted Robinson the best new player in baseball. In 1949, he was named one of the most valuable players in baseball. He played for nine more years. In 1955, the Dodgers won the championship!

For the rest of his life, Robinson worked for equal rights for Black people. He helped take a stand against segregation. Today we remember Robinson as one of the greatest baseball players and a brave hero. 


Bettmann Archive/Getty Images

Robinson jumps to throw a ball. 

An Incredible Step

An Incredible Step


Rickey had to find out. In 1945, he met with Robinson. He knew Robinson had enough talent to play on his team. He was worried though. Robinson would face hateful fans and players because of his skin color. 

But Robinson was up for the challenge. Excited and a little nervous, he joined the all-White team. It was an incredible step forward. 

Sadly, not everyone was excited. Some of Robinson’s new teammates threatened to quit. They didn’t want to play with a Black athlete. But the Dodgers manager stepped in. He told the players Robinson was joining the team—whether they liked it or not. 

On April 15, 1947, Robinson played his first game as a Brooklyn Dodger. He wore number 42 on his jersey. And with that first catch, he made history—and changed baseball forever. 

During his first season, Robinson faced challenges no other player had to deal with. Many people in the crowd screamed angry words at Robinson. They threw trash and food at him. 

Some players on other teams were even worse. They stomped on Robinson’s foot as they ran past first base. Pitchers threw the ball directly at Robinson’s head when he went to bat.

But Robinson stood strong. Determined to show the world his skill, he never yelled back. He kept playing. And the Dodgers kept winning.

Rickey had to find out. He met with Robinson in 1945. Rickey knew Robinson had enough talent to play on his team. He was worried though. Robinson would face mean fans and players because of his skin color. 

But Robinson was up for the challenge. Excited and a little nervous, he joined the all-White team. It was a giant step forward. 

Sadly, not everyone was excited. Some of Robinson’s new teammates wanted to quit. They didn’t want a Black teammate. But the Dodgers manager stepped in. He told the players Robinson was joining—whether they liked it or not. 

On April 15, 1947, Robinson played his first game as a Brooklyn Dodger. He wore number 42 on his jersey. And with that first catch, he made history. He changed baseball forever. 

During his first season, Robinson faced many challenges. Many people in the crowd shouted angry words at Robinson. They threw trash and food at him. No other player faced these challenges. 

Some players on other teams were even worse. They stomped on Robinson’s foot as they ran past first base. Pitchers threw the ball straight at Robinson’s head.

But Robinson stood strong. He was determined to show the world his skill. He never yelled back. He kept playing. And the Dodgers kept winning.



Bettmann Archive/Getty Images

Showing Support 

Robinson became friends with some of his teammates. They stood by Robinson’s side when the crowd yelled horrible words at him.

Jackie Up Close

Look at these historical items. What do they show you about Jackie Robinson’s life?

Look at these historical items. What do they show you about Jackie Robinson’s life?

Look at these historical items. What do they show you about Jackie Robinson’s life?

Alamy Stock Photo

BUTTONS

Many fans supported Robinson. They wore buttons like this one while they cheered him on.

BUTTONS

Many fans supported Robinson. They wore buttons like this one while they cheered him on.

BUTTONS

Many fans supported Robinson. They wore buttons like this one while they cheered him on.

 Bettmann Archive/Getty Images

MVP AWARD

In 1949, Robinson was given this Most Valuable Player (MVP) award. He hit 16 home runs that season!

MVP AWARD

In 1949, Robinson was given this Most Valuable Player (MVP) award. He hit 16 home runs that season!

MVP AWARD

In 1949, Robinson was given this Most Valuable Player (MVP) award. He hit 16 home runs that season!

Luiz C. Ribeiro for NY Daily News Via Getty Images

WORLD SERIES RING

The Dodgers won the World Series in 1955. This is Robinson’s World Series ring.

WORLD SERIES RING

The Dodgers won the World Series in 1955. This is Robinson’s World Series ring.

WORLD SERIES RING

The Dodgers won the World Series in 1955. This is Robinson’s World Series ring.

Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group Via Getty Images

PLAYER CARD

This is a Jackie Robinson baseball card from 1956, when Robinson played third base. This was his last year on the Dodgers.

PLAYER CARD

This is a Jackie Robinson baseball card from 1956, when Robinson played third base. This was his last year on the Dodgers.

PLAYER CARD

This is a Jackie Robinson baseball card from 1956, when Robinson played third base. This was his last year on the Dodgers.

The Best New Player

The Best New Player


By the end of the season, the Dodgers were one of the top two teams in Major League Baseball. They played in the championship: the World Series.

The Dodgers lost, but it was still a year of huge achievements for the team . . . and for Robinson. He hit 12 home runs and dazzled crowds with how fast he ran around the bases. Newspapers across the country voted him the best new player in baseball.

Robinson played for the Dodgers for nine more years. In 1949, he was named one of the most valuable players in Major League Baseball. He continued to hit dozens of home runs and helped the Dodgers reach five more World Series. And in 1955 . . . the Dodgers finally won!

The Dodgers were one of the top two teams in Major League Baseball at the end of the season. They played in the championship: the World Series.

The Dodgers lost. But it was still a year of huge achievements for the team . . . and for Robinson. He hit 12 home runs. He amazed crowds with how fast he ran around the bases. Newspapers across the country voted him the best new player in baseball.

Robinson played for the Dodgers for nine more years. In 1949, he was named one of the most valuable players in Major League Baseball. He hit many more home runs. He helped the Dodgers reach five more World Series. And in 1955 . . . the Dodgers finally won!



Bettmann Archive/Getty Images

Robinson signs autographs for fans.

One of the Greatest

One of the Greatest


For the rest of his life, Robinson worked for equal rights for Black people. In 1963, he joined Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on a famous march in Washington, D.C. He and thousands of other people came together to take a stand against segregation.

Today we remember Robinson as one of the greatest players in baseball. But he’s also remembered as a brave pioneer. He showed America that Black people deserve equal opportunities. And he opened the door for other Black players to join White sports teams.

Every year on April 15, people celebrate Jackie Robinson Day. Baseball players across the country wear number 42 on their jerseys. Fans remember their favorite Jackie Robinson moments. And everyone is reminded to stand up for what’s right for all people.

For the rest of his life, Robinson worked for equal rights for Black people. In 1963, he joined Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. at a famous march. It took place in Washington, D.C. He and thousands of other people came together. They took a stand against segregation.

Today we remember Robinson as one of the greatest players in baseball. And we remember him as a pioneer. He showed America that Black people should have equal opportunities. And he helped other Black players join White sports teams.

People celebrate Jackie Robinson Day every year on April 15. Baseball players wear number 42 on their jerseys. Fans remember their favorite Jackie Robinson moments. And everyone is reminded to stand up for what’s right for all people.  



Chris Bernacchi/Diamond Images via Getty Images

THINK AND WRITE CONTEST

Imagine your town is building a statue of Jackie Robinson. Write a sign for the statue that explains how Robinson showed courage and skill. Entries must be submitted to “Jackie Robinson Contest” by a teacher, parent, or legal guardian.* Five winners will each receive a copy of Jackie Robinson: American Hero by Sharon Robinson. See our contest page for details. 

THINK AND WRITE CONTEST

Imagine your town is building a statue of Jackie Robinson. Write a sign for the statue that explains how Robinson showed courage and skill. Entries must be submitted to “Jackie Robinson Contest” by a teacher, parent, or legal guardian.* Five winners will each receive a copy of Jackie Robinson: American Hero by Sharon Robinson.  See our contest page for details. 

THINK AND WRITE CONTEST

Imagine your town is building a statue of Jackie Robinson. Write a sign for the statue that explains how Robinson showed courage and skill. Entries must be submitted to “Jackie Robinson Contest” by a teacher, parent, or legal guardian.* Five winners will each receive a copy of Jackie Robinson: American Hero by Sharon Robinson. See our contest page for details. 


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Can't Miss Teaching Extras

Continue teaching your students about inspiring athletes who changed the world in “Go!,” a play about Wilma Rudolph. (She’s one of the fastest women in American history!) 

Meet Matthew Henson, another incredible Black pioneer and one of the explorers who discovered the North Pole, in “Frozen Dreams.” 

Learn how brave children stood up to the unfair rules of segregation in the plays “Ayanna the Brave” and “The Unstoppable Ruby Bridges.” 

 

Step-by-Step Lesson Plan

Table of Contents

1. Preparing to Read

2. Close Reading

3. SEL Focus

4. Skill Building and Writing

5. Differentiate and Customize

Struggling Readers, Multilingual Learners, Advanced Readers, Creative Writing

1. Preparing to Read

Preview Text Features/Set a Purpose for Reading

  • Help students prepare to read the article by showing the Background Builder Slideshow. 

  • Ask students to predict what this article will be about based on the headline and subhead on page 4 and the illustration on page 5. Review the predictions after reading.
  • Call on volunteers to read aloud the Think and Read box on page 4 and the Think and Write box on page 9.

 

Introduce Vocabulary

  • Show or assign the Vocabulary Slideshow to preview challenging words. Then assign the Vocabulary Skill Builder before or after reading.

2. Close Reading

Reading and Unpacking the Text

  • We offer different reading experiences for this article: an audio Read-Aloud and the printed article in the magazine or digitally at storyworks3.scholastic.com.

  • Read the story as a class. Use the Pause and Think questions at the end of each section for a quick comprehension check. 

  • Project or assign the Close-Reading and Critical-Thinking Questions. (Alternatively, assign all or part of the Learning Journey Slide Deck.) 

Close-Reading Questions

  • Read the first section. When and where did the events in this section take place? The events took place on April 15, 1947, at Ebbets Field in New York. (setting)
  • Read “Unfair Rules.” Which details from this section describe some of the segregation laws in California, where Jackie Robinson grew up? The details that describe some of the segregation laws in California are: Jackie Robinson could swim in his local pool only one day a week. He could sit only high up in the worst seats of a movie theater. (supporting details)
  • Read “Dreaming of Change.” Why did Robinson join a separate baseball league for Black players in 1944? Robinson joined a separate baseball league because, even though he was one of the best athletes in the country, Black athletes didn’t have the same opportunities as White athletes. (cause and effect)
  • Read “An Incredible Step.” What happened when Robinson first joined the Dodgers? Some of his teammates threatened to quit because they didn’t want to play with a Black athlete. However, the team manager stood up for Robinson. He told the players that Robinson was joining the team, whether they liked it or not. (main idea and supporting details)
  • Why is April 15, 1947, an important date in the history of baseball? On April 15, 1947, Jackie Robinson played his first game as a Brooklyn Dodger. He was the first Black athlete to play on a Major League Baseball team. (key detail)
  • Read “The Best New Player.” How did Jackie Robinson probably feel after the end of his first season with the Dodgers? He probably felt very proud because of his team’s achievements and his own. The Dodgers played in the World Series that season, and newspapers voted Robinson the best new player in baseball. (inference)
  • Why is the next section called “One of the Greatest”? What would be another good title for this section of the article? Answers will vary. Sample answer: Jackie Robinson was “one of the greatest” for two reasons: He was one of the best baseball players in history, and he also worked for equal rights and opportunities for Black people by taking a stand against segregation. (key detail)
  • Why is Jackie Robinson Day celebrated every year on April 15? How do people celebrate? People celebrate Jackie Robinson on April 15 because that was the date of his first game in Major League Baseball. Players across the country wear number 42 on their jerseys. People celebrate this day to remember Robinson’s achievements and how he stood up for equal rights for all people. (main idea and supporting details)

Critical-Thinking Questions 

  • Why do you think the author titled this article “He Changed Baseball . . . and the World!”? Answers will vary. Sample answer: I think the author titled this article “He Changed Baseball . . . and the World!” because he wanted to show how Jackie Robinson had a huge effect not only on the sport of baseball but also the entire world. When Robinson joined the Dodgers, he became the only Black baseball player in Major League Baseball. This helped other Black athletes join all-White sports teams. But Robinson also worked for equal rights outside of baseball and inspired people to stand up for what’s right. (author’s craft)
  • Look at the photograph “Showing Support” on page 7 and the photograph on the bottom of page 8. How do these text features show that the treatment Robinson received from some of his teammates and fans was different from the treatment described in the article? Why do you think the author included these in the story? The photograph “Showing Support” shows how some of Robinson’s teammates supported him and became his friend. The photograph on the bottom of page 8 shows how some fans wanted Robinson’s autograph. This is different from the treatment described in the article, which included his teammates wanting to quit the team and fans screaming terrible words at Robinson. The author likely included these in the story to show that some people supported Robinson. (text features, compare and contrast, author’s craft)

3. Skill Building and Writing

Featured Skill: Main Idea and Supporting Details

  • Distribute our Main Idea and Supporting Details Skill Builder and have students complete it in class or for homework.
  • Discuss the writing assignment in the Think and Write box on page 9.

Differentiate and Customize
For Striving Readers

Instead of using the close-reading and critical-thinking questions, print out the Pause and Think questions and have students answer those. These basic comprehension questions help ensure students can follow the story’s events. Read aloud the lower-Lexile version of the article as students follow along. Read the story again, this time pausing to work with the group on each question.

For Multilingual Learners

Read the Easier-level article aloud while students follow along. As they read, ask them to highlight, underline, or otherwise take note of any details that show what Jackie Robinson accomplished. What were his outstanding skills and achievements? Have students read through the article again, this time marking the details that show what obstacles Robinson had to overcome.

For Advanced Readers

Direct students to other biographies of powerful people from history. Share the play “Go!,” which tells the incredible story of Wilma Rudolph, who overcame polio to win gold medals at the 1960 Olympics, or the Big Read article “The Man Who Has Saved Millions,” which shares the story of Garrett Morgan, an inventor whose inventions have helped save lives. Ask students to write a paragraph about how either one of these historical figures is similar to and different from Jackie Robinson.

Text-to-Speech